Total annual costs attributable to ACEs were estimated to be US $581 billion in Europe and $748 billion in North America. More than 75% of these costs arose in individuals with two or more ACEs.
Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis; Bellis et al; The Lancet Public Health; Sep 3, 2019.
The deepest well: Healing the long-term effects of childhood adversity by Nadine Burke Harris, MD, 2018.
CDC.gov: Adverse Childhood Experiences (link)